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Basic Concepts of Set Theory

• Terminology
 • Set: a collection of objects
 • Element or Member of a set: an object belonging to the set

 • Three ways to designate sets:
  • word description
ex: the set of odd counting numbers between 2 and 12
  • the listing method
ex: {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
  • set-builder notation
ex: {x | x ∈N, x is odd, and x < 12}

• Notes:
 • use curly braces to designate sets,
 • use commas to separate set elements
 • the variable in the set -builder notation doesn’t have to be x.
 • use ellipses (. . . ) to indicate a continuation of a pattern
established before the ellipses
ex: {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 100}

Important Number Sets

• N Natural or Counting numbers: {1, 2, 3, . . . }
• W Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
• I Integers: {. . . , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
• Q Rational numbers :
- Real Numbers : { x | x is a number that can be written as a
decimal }
• Irrational numbers: { x | x is a real number and x cannot be
written as a quotient of integers }.
Examples are:
Empty Set: { }

Notes

The symbols { x | x . . . } is read "x such that x . . . has some
property
The symbol ∈means is "an element of"
• Any rational number can be written as either a
TERMINATING decimal ( like 0.5, 0.333, or 0.8578966)
or a
REPEATING decimal ( like
• The decimal representation of an irrational number never
terminates and never repeats
• The set { } is not empty, but is a set which contains the empty
set

Set Cardinality

• Cardinality of a set: the number of distinct elements in the set
• textbook: n(A) - or we can use |A|
• If the cardinality of a set is a particular whole number, we call
that set a finite set
• If a set is too large to ever finish the counting process, it is called
an infinite set

• Well-Defined set: one for which we can determine membership,
i.e., given any arbitrary value we can determine conclusively
whether or not that value is in the set

Set Membership

• Well-Defined means that given a set and an object, we can
determine if the set contains that object

Set Equality

• Set Equality: the sets A and B are equal (written A = B) provided:
• every element of A is an element of B, and
• every element of B is an element of A
i.e., if they contain exactly the same elements

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